{"id":445932,"date":"2024-07-02T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/?p=445932"},"modified":"2024-06-28T18:30:59","modified_gmt":"2024-06-28T22:30:59","slug":"how-the-applied-physics-laboratory-is-tackling-challenges-facing-artemis-moon-exploration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/how-the-applied-physics-laboratory-is-tackling-challenges-facing-artemis-moon-exploration\/","title":{"rendered":"How the Applied Physics Laboratory is tackling Artemis moon exploration"},"content":{"rendered":"

The moon is far from being a \u201cbeen there, done that\u201d world, even taking into account the six Apollo landings that allowed a dozen different astronauts to walk the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972.<\/p>

Today, a combination of scientific, economic, and security interests drives a renewed focus on lunar missions, with the United States and China leading rival efforts to inhabit the moon.<\/p>

\u201cThis decade\u2019s approach by NASA is very different than Apollo,\u201d said Robert Braun, head of the Space Exploration Sector at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland. APL is a not-for-profit division of The Johns Hopkins University.<\/p>

The APL is home to a Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium, funded by NASA\u2019s Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD). That consortium is tackling an array of issues for STMD\u2019s Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative, each important to solve before humanity can spend an extended stay on the moon. <\/p>

Focus groups<\/h3>

\u201cWe\u2019re pulling together and organizing a community,\u201d Braun told SpaceNews<\/em>, explaining that over 500 organizations in the United States alone are taking part in consortium-convened gatherings focused on future lunar operations, be they space startup groups to larger businesses or nonprofit institutions, along with several universities. <\/p>

The APL has been carrying out focus group meetings on all challenges, Braun said, from appraising surface power hardware on the moon to the on-the-spot utilization of t lunar resources to churn out oxygen and other products, like rocket propellant. <\/p>

Additionally, there are deep dives into other challenges, such as excavation and construction, curbing dust problems and dealing with the moon\u2019s extreme and brutal environment. Rounding out the focus group topic list is determining how human and robotic systems will be employed to access hard-to-reach lunar sites, such as subsurface caves and lava tubes. <\/p>

Made on the moon<\/h3>

\u201cThere\u2019s an increasing energy and acceleration towards including the moon in our space activities,\u201d Braun said. \u201cIf you look at what\u2019s happening around the world, we\u2019re not the only ones doing this.\u201d<\/p>

Braun exclaimed that the consortium is formulating recommendations for what\u2019s possible to do on the moon and when. \u201cAnd there are experiments that need to be done first,\u201d he said. \u201cIt\u2019s risk reduction, basically. Doing a proof-of-concept before you send any large-scale system to the moon \u2026 I think that\u2019s prudent.\u201d<\/p>

\u201cEvery year, we\u2019re getting closer to reality,\u201d said NASA\u2019s Jerry Sanders, head of the In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) system capability leadership team for STMD. \u201cWhat I see today are all the pieces around ISRU being developed. So that infrastructure is starting to exist,\u201d he told SpaceNews<\/em>.<\/p>

Following over three years of Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium engagement, NASA unveiled last year a Lunar Infrastructure Foundational Technologies (LIFT-1) demonstration action plan. LIFT-1\u2019s central goal is to showcase the feasibility of extracting oxygen from lunar regolith, to further the objective of churning out, capturing and storing oxygen on the lunar surface.<\/p>

NASA plans to install this ISRU demo at the lunar south pole in late 2027. NASA\u2019s anticipated funding for the LIFT-1 initiative is roughly $200 million to $250 million, including launch through landing and surface operations.<\/p>

Wanted: a MOXIE moment<\/h3>

LIFT-1 is specifically identified within NASA\u2019s 2025 budget request now before Congress.<\/p>

NASA hosted a LIFT-1 virtual industry forum in November and was open for responses through mid-December, with the intent of putting out a request for proposals by this summer, Sanders said.<\/p>

Sanders likens LIFT-1 to the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, or MOXIE. That apparatus was hauled to the Red Planet on NASA\u2019s Perseverance rover, now wheeling about in Jezero Crater.<\/p>

MOXIE was an exploration technology demonstration that produced oxygen from the carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere of Mars, a key step toward establishing any sustained human presence on that planet.<\/p>

\u201cWe kind of need that MOXIE moment for the moon,\u201d Sanders said.<\/p>

Up the TRL ladder<\/h3>

APL\u2019s Braun flags the LIFT-1 mission and any following LIFT concepts as a way to kickstart the use of advanced technology on the moon, moving hardware up the Technology Readiness Level ladder into reliable, long-lasting operations \u201cto have the biggest bang for the buck,\u201d he said.<\/p>

Getting back to the moon in a sustainable way means building up a base camp \u201cthat eventually becomes a village, if you will,\u201d Braun said. \u201cAnd that requires infrastructure, with various robotic elements that are supporting the human.\u201d<\/p>

These systems are going to have to operate reliably in the lunar environment. \u201cI think the timing demands that we all get real. There\u2019s an urgency,\u201d Braun said. \u201cI\u2019ll be the first to admit that we haven\u2019t moved, in my view, fast enough in terms of all the objectives, the scientific, economic, security and global leadership reasons, in getting back to the moon. But we are where we are.\u201d<\/p>

Economic ecosystem<\/h3>

Braun foresees the ability to spur a commercial, cis-lunar economy \u2013 indeed, an economic \u201cecosystem\u201d for profitable ventures \u2014 in the future. There is speculation about mining helium-3 for fusion reactors and other applications, or even extracting rare earth elements on the moon \u2014 all very possible but farther off in the future, he added.<\/p>

Building a cis-lunar economy will take decades, and this isn\u2019t something that\u2019s going to occur next year by any means, Braun stressed. <\/p>

\u201cAfter communications and internet, I think the next market is propellant,\u201d Braun said. \u201cI think a gas station at the moon could be a viable operation for commercial spacecraft.\u201d<\/h3>

Wes Fuhrman, APL\u2019s Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative Lead, said that these and other ambitious plans to return to and stay on the moon will require aggressive leveraging of the U.S. and its partners’ technology base. <\/p>

\u201cStaying on the same page is critical for that, and the consortium is a place for anyone to hear and be heard, and to find ways we can create our shared lunar future,\u201d said Fuhrman.<\/p>

What is being fostered is a diverse and informed community, Fuhrman concluded, with a wide-range of knowhow, eager to develop the requisite lunar technologies. <\/p>

Fuhrman said that a NASA STMD \u201cShortfall Prioritization\u201d document is forthcoming. \u201cThat will allow us to see the problem-space more clearly so that the community can deliver the right infrastructure that will evolve to be the backbone of enduring lunar presence,\u201d he said.<\/p>

This article first appeared in the July 2024 issue of SpaceNews Magazine.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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