{"id":506071,"date":"2024-09-17T15:49:12","date_gmt":"2024-09-17T19:49:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/?p=506071"},"modified":"2024-09-17T15:49:14","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T19:49:14","slug":"the-aerospace-corporation-pushes-research-on-hard-to-spot-spacecraft-reentries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/the-aerospace-corporation-pushes-research-on-hard-to-spot-spacecraft-reentries\/","title":{"rendered":"The Aerospace Corporation pushes research on hard-to-spot spacecraft reentries"},"content":{"rendered":"

In an era of increasing global launch rates, heightened by the buckshot approach to tossing mega-satellite constellations into Earth orbit, there\u2019s also escalating anxiety about the ramifications from reentry of defunct space hardware.<\/p>

What\u2019s lacking in the United States is a single coordinated effort to understand and manage reentry \u2014 one that is consistently funded and engages a variety of disciplines \u2014 say researchers and experts at The Aerospace Corporation who are studying the impacts and other aspects of reentry. There is also no national agreement, they argue, about who should fund reentry studies; government space interests and roles are spread out over multiple federal agencies.<\/p>

Most reentries of space hardware are uncontrolled. When and where above Earth they auger in is a happenstance situation, and the inherent challenges of making targeted observations make addressing reentry particularly difficult.<\/p>

Challenge and opportunity<\/h3>

\u201cIt\u2019s definitely a challenging area of research,\u201d said Marlon Sorge, the executive director for The Aerospace Corporation\u2019s Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (CORDS).<\/p>

Established in 1997, CORDS has worked on the growing space debris issue by conducting studies of controlled and uncontrolled reentry of rocket bodies, spacecraft and associated human-made clutter, some of which has been recovered on Earth and undergone intensive looks by the group. Similarly, Aerospace specialists are focusing on the impact incoming space junk has upon the Earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>

Understanding that impact and other key details about reentry such as what happens to hardware as it evaporates during reentry, what survives the plunge and why, \u201cis both a challenge and an opportunity,\u201d Sorge told SpaceNews<\/em>.<\/p>

\u201cWe\u2019ve got way more things coming back,\u201d Sorge said, \u201cand keeping up with new materials used, new approaches to operating spacecraft and their reentries makes the practical part of this much more challenging.\u201d<\/p>

The benefit stemming from these changes is that \u201cpeople are somewhat more aware of what we need to be thinking about,\u201d said Sorge. \u201cAs with everything, there\u2019s a plus and minus to all of this that\u2019s going on and, hopefully, we can leverage the pluses to deal with the minuses.\u201d<\/p>

Observational campaigns<\/h3>

Within the Aerospace Corporation, different teams are tackling each of the main challenges facing reentry mitigation and management, and the consequences of incoming space clutter on Earth.<\/p>

\u201cMy role is to try to model, predict what space debris survives to the ground, from spent upper stages or decommissioned satellites when they reenter, for safety and risk assessment,\u201d said Michael Weaver, director of Aerospace\u2019s fluid mechanics department.<\/p>

Observational campaigns are fairly rare and difficult to conduct, Weaver said, in part because controlled reentries are not all that common. \u201cWhen they occur, they are in a very remote part of the world, making them hard to get to, and also logistically and resource intensive,\u201d he said.<\/p>

For example, the European Space Agency\u2019s spacecraft Salsa made a targeted, destructive nosedive into Earth\u2019s atmosphere on Sept. 8 over a remote area of the South Pacific Ocean. It was the first of four Cluster-series satellites to plow into the atmosphere, with other pre-planned reentries in 2025 and 2026.<\/p>

In cooperation with ESA, the observational campaign for Salsa\u2019s reentry \u2014 part of the Re-entry Observation Setup and International Execution \u200b(ROSIE) project \u2014 involved the University of Stuttgart, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia and the University of Southern Queensland, along with industrial partners from Hypersonic Technology G\u00f6ttingen in Germany and Astros Solutions, also in Bratislava.The fiery finale yielded rare ground and airborne looks of the Salsa satellite as it reentered the atmosphere. According to ESA\u2019s space debris team they are hoping to use the collected data to improve current reentry prediction models as well as learn more about how a satellite burns up.<\/p>

\"\"<\/a>
An illustration of the atmospheric impacts of reentry. Credit: Chelsea Thompson\/NOAA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>

Coordination is key<\/h3>

Weaver said Aerospace was not a participant in the ESA Salsa reentry campaign, although the organization has been involved in some International Space Station supply vehicle reentries in the past.<\/p>

\u201cIt\u2019s rare for these operations to come together,\u201d said Weaver. \u201cBut that makes them all the more valuable for validating the reentry models. It\u2019s extremely important to anchor and validate your models against real-world data.\u201d<\/p>

\u201cCoordination is key,\u201d Weaver added.<\/p>

Weaver pointed to Aerospace\u2019s recent use of weather radar. \u201cWe can see clouds of debris that are settling maybe up to one or two hours after a reentry, giving us some insight into what\u2019s surviving to the ground. Also, what may not be vaporizing at higher altitudes, for example,\u201d he said.<\/p>

\u201cFor whatever reason, it\u2019s a hard sell to pull together a coordinated program here in the U.S.,\u201d said Martin Ross, an Aerospace atmospheric scientist studying how rocket launches and space debris reentry affect Earth\u2019s climate and stratospheric ozone layer. He contrasted it to progress made on the subject in Europe.<\/p>

\u201cThat\u2019s the kind of thing that\u2019s needed now and I don\u2019t see it happening,\u201d Ross told SpaceNews<\/em>. \u201cIt\u2019s a bit of a puzzle. The Europeans are moving out on this, not just observations but models of demise, models of response of the atmosphere, wind tunnel testing. In the U.S. we\u2019re starting to pull this together, but nothing really significant is happening at the moment,\u201d he said.<\/p>

Next step<\/h3>

Meanwhile, important questions remain unanswered. Ross said that it was only first recognized some four to five years ago that the growth of large constellations of satellites would potentially add significant amounts of material to the stratosphere.<\/p>

\u201cLast year, we actually saw that,\u201d Ross continued, \u201call the metallic material embedded in the stratospheric sulfate layer particles. That layer is a key player in climate and ozone. It controls to a large degree the flow of radiation in the atmosphere. It controls ozone chemistry. That layer in the stratosphere we know now is getting polluted.\u201d<\/p>

 Ross\u2019s next step, he suggested, is determining whether space debris pollution matters. That takes laboratory work and chemistry analysis, but nobody is taking the lead on that research at this point, he said.<\/p>

\u201cPolluting those sulfate particles with metals, does that change anything? I think there\u2019s a very reasonable suspicion that it will,\u201d Ross said. \u201cWe need to get to the bottom of this. Every year the amount of material being put into the stratosphere increases. So, every year we delay, the problem is just getting larger.\u201d<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In an era of increasing global launch rates, heightened by the buckshot approach to tossing mega-satellite constellations into Earth orbit, there\u2019s also escalating anxiety about the ramifications from reentry of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11021,"featured_media":506073,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"newspack_ads_suppress_ads":false,"newspack_popups_has_disabled_popups":false,"newspack_sponsor_sponsorship_scope":"","newspack_sponsor_native_byline_display":"inherit","newspack_sponsor_native_category_display":"inherit","newspack_sponsor_underwriter_style":"inherit","newspack_sponsor_underwriter_placement":"inherit","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"newspack_featured_image_position":"","newspack_post_subtitle":"","newspack_article_summary_title":"Overview:","newspack_article_summary":"","newspack_hide_updated_date":false,"newspack_show_updated_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4148,4161],"tags":[4823,10999,1778],"newspack_spnsrs_tax":[],"coauthors":[47],"class_list":["post-506071","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-archive","category-news-archive","tag-controlled-reentry","tag-reentry","tag-the-aerospace-corporation","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Aerospace Corporation pushes research on hard-to-spot spacecraft reentries - 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